Ultrasonic processors, also known as sonicators, are devices that use ultrasonic waves to agitate particles in a sample, typically for the purpose of disrupting cells, emulsification, and homogenizing solutions. These devices operate at frequencies typically between 20 kHz to 50 kHz, allowing for a wide array of applications in scientific research, industrial processes, and medical fields.

Ultrasonic processors are incredibly versatile and are used in various scientific and industrial applications. Some of the primary uses include:

• Cell Disruption: Ultrasonic processors are widely used in cell disruption and lysis of various cell types, allowing for efficient extraction of cellular contents.
• Emulsification: Useful in creating emulsions, ultrasonics help in mixing two immiscible liquids.
• Homogenization: They facilitate the uniform distribution of particles within a solution.
• Sonochemistry: Ultrasonic waves promote or modify chemical reactions, increasing reaction rates and yields.
• Degassing: Ultrasonic processors help in removing dissolved gases from liquids.

Key parameters that influence the efficiency and outcome of ultrasonic processing include:

• Frequency: Typically ranges from 20 kHz to 50 kHz. Lower frequencies usually provide more intense cavitation.
• Amplitude: The magnitude of the vibration in microns. Higher amplitudes can lead to more effective processing but may also increase sample heating.
• Power: Ranges from 10 watts to over 1000 watts. Higher power settings increase the intensity of processing.
• Processing Time: Duration over which ultrasonication is applied, typically ranging from seconds to several minutes depending on the application.
• Temperature: Monitoring and controlling temperature is crucial as higher levels can lead to sample degradation.

The Powersonic company offers a range of ultrasonic processors tailored to various applications. Their notable products include:

• Powersonic 400: Features a frequency of 20 kHz with power output adjustable between 50W to 400W. Ideal for laboratory-scale emulsification and cell disruption.
• Powersonic 800: This model offers a frequency of 30 kHz and power output up to 800W, suitable for industrial applications requiring high-intensity sonication.
• Powersonic D-Series: Known for their digital interface, these models provide precise control over sonication parameters, making them suitable for research applications.

1. Miles, C. A., et al. “Ultrasonic Processing: Technologies and Applications.” Wiley, 2020.

2. Powersonic Company Website. “Ultrasonic Device Specifications.” Accessed October 2023. www.powersonic.com

3. Zhang, Y. H., et al. “Improved Extraction Techniques Utilizing Ultrasonication.” Journal of Analytical Chemistry, vol. 105, no. 12, 2022, pp. 678-688.